Also, the saying "When you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras" in the medical field means that consider the most common diagnoses first. There is always the possibility that some pertinent information either wasn't asked about, provided, or researched. One is that a judgment can be made too quickly. Just like with any approach, there can be downsides to using heuristics. However, poor eye contact, lack of speech, echolalia, stereotypical movement, and lack of creative play fit that diagnosis. For example, poor eye contact is not solely a reason for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.
Tallying heuristics helps a person organize "clues." Clues individually may not mean a lot, but all together - or the "gestalt" of symptoms can add up. The one-good-reason heuristic involves analyzing several pieces of information, and stopping when you see a particularly strong piece of information or "red flag." If a business owner with whom you are consulting tells you about about having several "problem employees," and then identifies all those employees as having filed a sexual harassment complaint, the issue is probably the employer, not the employees. You can then move your employee to another department that might be a better fit, rather than letting a good employee go. You see a pattern of employee dissatisfaction, such as wanting more contact with clients, that matches other employees that were a good fit for sales rather than supply. An example of recognition heuristics in business would be an employee approaching you with several job-related issues. Recognition heuristics use a pattern of cues to quickly assess a situation. There are three main types of heuristics - recognition, one-good-reason, and tallying. In addition, using heuristics, shortcuts to decision-making, can help reduce the impact of cognitive bias in decision-making. Even using computer-based games to help identify different types of cognitive bias can help mitigate those bias' effect on employees. For example, if you are in the medical field, using a symptom checklist or assessment can help decrease cognitive bias. Using tools such as checklists can also help decrease anchoring bias. Increasing knowledge through research, improving your deductive reasoning skills, and consulting with experts and colleagues helps counteract cognitive biases such as anchoring bias. Impulsive decision-making heavily favors anchoring bias.
How do you conquer anchoring bias? First, by making sure you have researched your decision thoroughly. Anchoring bias also states that if you read that the average price of the car you want is $50,000, and the first dealer you go to gives you a price of $48,000 out the door, you are likely to buy that car instead of doing more thorough investigating of other dealers' offers. In addition, the anchoring effect occurs regardless of one's gender. Uncertainty about your life situation can also make you more prone to anchoring bias. You are more susceptible if you are buying a home out-of-state, as opposed to in your home state. There are some cases where people are especially susceptible to anchoring bias. People tend to rely on that initial piece of information, rather than gather data from other sets. Anchoring is a cognitive bias in which we focus on an initial set point or number, and make our decisions based on that initial information, to the point where we ignore additional pertinent information.
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